Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat Research Articles

Too hot to sleep? Sleep behaviour and surface body temperature of Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat.

The significance of sleep and factors that affect it have been well documented, however, in light of global climate change the effect of temperature on sleep patterns has only recently gained attention. Unlike many mammals, bats (order: Chiroptera) are nocturnal and little is known about their sleep and the effects of ambient temperature (Ta) on their sleep. Consequently we investigated seasonal temperature effects on sleep behaviour and surface body temperature of free-ranging Wahlberg’s epauletted fruit bat, Epomophorus wahlbergi, at a tree roost. Sleep behaviours of E. wahlbergi were recorded, including: sleep duration and sleep incidences (i.e. one eye open and both eyes closed). Sleep differed significantly across all the individuals in terms of sleep duration and sleep incidences. Individuals generally spent more time awake than sleeping. The percentage of each day bats spent asleep was significantly higher during winter (27.6%), compared with summer (15.6%). In summer, 20.7% of the sleeping bats used one eye open sleep, and this is possibly the first evidence of one-eye-sleep in non-marine mammals. Sleep duration decreased with extreme heat as bats spent significantly more time trying to cool by licking their fur, spreading their wings and panting. Skin temperatures of E. wahlbergi were significantly higher when Ta was ≥35°C and no bats slept at these high temperatures. Consequently extremely hot days negatively impact roosting fruit bats, as they were forced to be awake to cool themselves. This has implications for these bats given predicted climate change scenarios.

Roost Temperature and Fidelity of Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat,Epomophorus wahlbergi, in an Urban Environment

Generally, Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi) roost in trees or under the eaves of buildings. This study investigated the roosting dynamics of E. wahlbergi in the urban environment of Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. To determine roost fidelity bats were radio-tracked to daytime roosts. Bats were found to change their daytime roosts regularly, and would change more frequently during winter than spring. Roost temperatures were measured by placing i-Button® temperature loggers at known roosts, either in man-made structures or vegetation. Temperatures varied across different roosts, but roost temperatures were generally higher than ambient temperatures. Roosts in man-made structures had higher temperatures than those in natural vegetation. This study showed the importance of temperature in E. wahlbergi daytime roosts, although other factors such as reproduction and social interactions, predator avoidance and proximity to food resources are likely to also affect selection of daytime roosts.

Is Protein Content in the Diet of Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bats,Epomophorus wahlbergi, Important?

Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat, Epomophorus wahlbergi, feeds on a range of fruit, nectar, pollen and flowers. Frugivores may have difficulties in maintaining their protein requirements since fruit are generally high in sugar content but low in protein content. Some studies have found that fruit bats obtain most of their food protein when feeding on a variety of fruits. We investigated if E. wahlbergi prefers additional protein to sugar-only nectar solutions. They were offered equicaloric 15% glucose solutions with varying protein concentrations (2.58, 5.68, 7.23 g soy protein/kg H2O) and a solution with no protein. This was repeated using 15% sucrose instead of glucose solutions. Epomophorus wahlbergi's volumetric intake of the respective glucose and sucrose solutions varied among individual bats, with total volumetric intake being highest for solutions with no protein. This suggests they have low protein dietary requirements, which may be a response to the low-protein fruit available in the wild. Alternatively they may supplement their diet by actively preying on insects, but this needs to be investigated.

Seasonal Differences in Foraging Dynamics, Habitat Use and Home Range Size of Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat in an Urban Environment

Urbanization through the process of habitat loss and fragmentation affects ecosystems. Many species are no longer able to survive in these urban areas; however, there are some that have been able to persist and even thrive in these habitats. One such species is Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi). Little is known about its existence in urban areas. Consequently we studied their seasonal variation in home range size, movements and foraging dynamics in the urban environment of Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. In a pilot study in summer, adult fruit bats (n = 8) were caught, fitted with radio-transmitters, and their movements followed for 12 nights and days. Although their movements varied considerably, no bats left the urban environment. Some of the larger distances covered in a single night were 2 and 5 km. In winter, an additional ten adult fruit bats were caught and fitted with radio-transmitters. Movements were followed for three weeks during winter and spring respectively. Winter home range size was greater than spring home range size. During winter the bats fed mostly on syringa fruits (Melia azedarach), an alien invasive, while their diet in spring was more varied and included species of indigenous and exotic fruits. The reduced variety of fruit eaten in winter may be explained by a reduction in fruiting plant species, and thus a reliance on a few species to meet their dietary requirements. The bats would have a role in seed dispersal but therein lies the problem of them also dispersing invasive plants. Further research is needed to assess the role played by exotic and alien plant species in the continued success of urban wildlife, in particular fruit bats. The seasonal variation in home range size gives insight into the urban movements of Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bats. The use of exotic and invasive plants by these bats is also significant.

Summit metabolism and metabolic expansibility in Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bats (Epomophorus wahlbergi): seasonal acclimatisation and effects of captivity

Summit metabolism (M sum), the maximum rate of resting metabolic thermogenesis, has been found to be broadly correlated with climatic variables and the use of heterothermy in some endotherms. Far less is known about M sum and metabolic expansibility [ME, the ratio of M sum to basal metabolic rate (BMR)] in bats compared with many other endotherm taxa. We measured BMR and M sum during winter and summer in captive and wild populations of a pteropodid from the southern subtropics, Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi) in Pretoria, South Africa. The M sum of fruit bats ranged from 5.178 ± 0.611 W (captive, summer) to 6.006 ± 0.890 W (captive, winter), and did not vary significantly between seasons. In contrast, BMR decreased by 17-25% in winter. The combination of seasonally stable M sum but flexible BMR resulted in ME being significantly higher in winter than in summer, ranging from 7.24 ± 1.49 (wild, summer) to 13.11 ± 2.14 (captive, winter). The latter value is well above the typical mammalian range. Moreover, both M sum and ME were significantly higher in captive bats than in wild individuals; we speculate this represents a phenotypic response to a reduction in exercise-associated heat production while in captivity. Our data for E. wahlbergi, combined with those currently available for other chiropterans, reveal that M sum in bats is highly variable compared with allometrically expected values for other mammals.

Blood Plasma Glucose Regulation in Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat

Frugivores feed on fruits and nectars that contain different types of sugars in different proportions, which provide these animals with energy. Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi) has a high glucose intake irrespective of sugar concentration of nectar. It is not known how these bats regulate their blood plasma glucose concentrations in order to avoid the negative effects associated with hyperglycemia. Fruit bats have a high amount of sugar intake in a short period of time which could cause a glucose challenge and it is therefore necessary to determine whether these bats are able to regulate their blood plasma glucose concentrations within normal concentrations. This study investigated the diel variations in blood plasma glucose concentrations of E. wahlbergi. Epomophorus wahlbergi's blood plasma glucose concentration was lower (5.24 ±0.38 mmol/1) at 18:00 before feeding and increased during/after feeding (8.19 ± 1.24 mmol/1) but bats appeared to regulate it within limits. Their range i...

The sweet side of life: Nectar sugar type and concentration preference in Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat

Whether nectarivores or frugivores place selective pressure on the plants they feed on, in terms of nectar or fruit traits, is much debated. Globally sugar preferences, concentration preference and digestive ability of avian nectarivores have been extensively researched. In contrast, relatively little is known about mammalian nectarivores or frugivores in terms of these, particularly Old World species. Consequently effect of sugar type and concentration on food preference in Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat Epomophorus wahlbergi was investigated. Pair-wise choice tests were conducted using equicaloric hexose and sucrose solutions at five different concentrations (5%–25%). It was expected that they would prefer hexose sugars as these are dominant in available indigenous fruits. However, bats preferred hexoses only when offered dilute (5%) concentrations. From 10% to 25% they showed a decrease in volume intake. Their body mass was generally higher and similar after feeding during the night with the exception of 5% concentration where the mean body mass decreased. When E. wahlbergi were offered a range of sucrose or hexose solutions (10%–25%) respectively, they showed no concentration preference in terms of total volume consumed, nor energy intake. These findings suggest that these fruit bats do not appear to act as a selective pressure on sugar composition in Old World fruit. In fruit bats with high energy requirements, dietary flexibility may be an advantage when faced with seasonal and unpredictable fruit availability.

Seasonal effects on thermoregulatory abilities of the Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Seasonal variations in ambient temperature (Ta) require changes in thermoregulatory responses of endotherms. These responses vary according to several factors including taxon and energy constraints. Despite a plethora of studies on chiropteran variations in thermoregulation, few have examined African species. In this study, we used the Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi, body mass≈115g) to determine how the thermoregulatory abilities of an Afrotropical chiropteran respond to seasonal changes in Ta. Mass specific Resting Metabolic Rates (RMRTa) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were significantly higher in winter than in summer. Furthermore, winter body mass was significantly higher than summer body mass. A broad thermoneutral zone (TNZ) was observed in winter (15–35°C) compared with summer (25–30°C). This species exhibited heterothermy (rectal and core body temperature) during the photophase (bats' rest-phase) particularly at lower Tas and had a low tolerance of high Tas. Overall, there was a significant seasonal variation in the thermoregulatory abilities of E. wahlbergi. The relative paucity of data relating to the seasonal thermoregulatory abilities of Afrotropical bats suggest further work is needed for comparison and possible effects of climate change, particularly extreme hot days.

Sugar assimilation and digestive efficiency in Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat ( Epomophorus wahlbergi)

Fruit- and nectar-feeding bats have high energy demands because of the cost of flight, and sugar is a good fuel because it is easily digested and absorbed. This study investigated the digestive efficiency of different sugars at different concentrations in Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat ( Epomophorus wahlbergi). We predicted that the sugar type and concentration would affect the total amount of solution consumed, while the total energy gained and the apparent assimilation efficiency would be high, irrespective of sugar type or concentration. Equicaloric solutions of two sugar types, glucose and sucrose, at low (10%), medium (15%) and high (25%) concentrations were offered in separate trials to bats. Total amount of solution consumed, total energy gained from each solution, and apparent assimilation efficiency, were measured. Bats had higher total volumetric intake of glucose and sucrose at the low concentrations than at the higher concentrations. However, bats maintained similar total energy intake on the respective glucose and sucrose concentrations. Bats were found to have high assimilation efficiencies on both glucose and sucrose irrespective of concentration. As bats used both sugars efficiently to maximize and maintain energy gain, it is expected that they feed opportunistically on fruit in the wild depending on temporal and spatial availability to obtain their energy requirements. Furthermore, fruit with high sucrose or glucose content will be consumed.

Interactions between the invasive treeMelia azedarach(Meliaceae) and native frugivores in South Africa

Abstract:The spread of many invasive plants is facilitated through seed dispersal by frugivorous animals. The effectiveness of various frugivores as dispersers of the seeds ofMelia azedarach, a highly invasive alien tree species, was evaluated in South Africa in savanna and bushveld vegetation. During 264 h of observation, seven bird species and one bat species were recorded foraging on fruiting trees ofM. azedarach. The most common visitors were the dark-capped bulbul (Pycnonotus barbatus) followed by Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi), but both species dropped nearly as many seeds as they dispersed. Knysna turaco (Tauraco corythaix) dispersed the highest number of fruits per minute, but occurred in low abundance in our study sites. Seed germination differed significantly between de-pulped fruits and untreated fruits after 2 mo, but was similar after 4 mo. Germination success did not differ between animal-handled and hand-depulped fruits. In contrast to the high germination success in the greenhouse, seedlings showed very low recruitment in the field. Thus,M. azedarachseems likely to benefit from frugivores (particularly dark-capped bulbul and Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat) dispersing seeds to suitable microsites.

Nuclear organization of cholinergic, putative catecholaminergic and serotonergic systems in the brains of two megachiropteran species

The nuclear organization of the cholinergic, putative catecholaminergic and serotonergic systems within the brains of the megachiropteran straw-coloured fruit bat ( Eidolon helvum) and Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat ( Epomophorus wahlbergi) were identified following immunohistochemistry for cholineacetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonin. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible differences in the nuclear complement of the neuromodulatory systems of these species in comparison to previous studies on megachiropterans, microchiropterans and other mammals. The nuclear organization of these systems is identical to that described previously for megachiropterans and shows many similarities to other mammalian species, especially primates; for example, the putative catecholaminergic system in both species presented a very compact nucleus within the locus coeruleus (A6c) which is found only in megachiropterans and primates. A cladistic analysis of 38 mammalian species and 82 characters from these systems show that megachiropterans form a sister group with primates to the exclusion of other mammals, including microchiropterans. Moreover, the results indicate that megachiropterans and microchiropterans have no clear phylogenetic relationship to each other, as the microchiropteran systems are most closely associated with insectivores. Thus a diphyletic origin of Chiroptera is supported by the present neural findings.

The entorhinal cortex of the Megachiroptera: a comparative study of Wahlberg’s epauletted fruit bat and the straw-coloured fruit bat

This study describes the organisation of the entorhinal cortex of the Megachiroptera, straw-coloured fruit bat and Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat. Using Nissl and Timm stains, parvalbumin and SMI-32 immunohistochemistry, we identified five fields within the medial (MEA) and lateral (LEA) entorhinal areas. MEA fields E(CL) and E(C) are characterised by a poor differentiation between layers II and III, a distinct layer IV and broad, stratified layers V and VI. LEA fields E(I), E(R) and E(L) are distinguished by cell clusters in layer II, a clear differentiation between layers II and III, a wide columnar layer III and a broad sublayer Va. Clustering in LEA layer II was more typical of the straw-coloured fruit bat. Timm-staining was most intense in layers Ib and II across all fields and layer III of field E(R). Parvalbumin-like staining varied along a medio-lateral gradient with highest immunoreactivity in layers II and III of MEA and more lateral fields of LEA. Sparse SMI-32-like immunoreactivity was seen only in Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat. Of the neurons in MEA layer II, ovoid stellate cells account for approximately 38%, polygonal stellate cells for approximately 8%, pyramidal cells for approximately 18%, oblique pyramidal cells for approximately 6% and other neurons of variable morphology for approximately 29%. Differences between bats and other species in cellular make-up and cytoarchitecture of layer II may relate to their three-dimensional habitat. Cytoarchitecture of layer V in conjunction with high encephalisation and structural changes in the hippocampus suggest similarities in efferent hippocampal --> entorhinal --> cortical interactions between fruit bats and primates.

Oxygen consumption, temperature, and water loss in bats from different environments.

ARTICLESOxygen consumption, temperature, and water loss in bats from different environments Herreid CF 2nd, and K Schmidt-Nielsen Herreid CF 2nd, and K Schmidt-NielsenPublished Online:01 Nov 1966https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1966.211.5.1108MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByThe big brown bat ( Eptesicus fuscus ) reduces its body mass during winter in a tropical montane ecosystem of central Mexico5 December 2022 | Mammalia, Vol. 87, No. 2A comparison of thermal sensitivities of wing muscle contractile properties from a temperate and tropical bat species10 June 2022 | Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 225, No. 11Limited Physiological Compensation in Response to an Acute Microclimate Change in a Malagasy Bat7 March 2022 | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 10Thermal Physiology in the 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ThermoregulationComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 41, No. 3Autumn fat deposition and gross body composition in three species of MyotisComparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 36, No. 1Evaporative water loss in batsComparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 35, No. 4Thermoregulation in some neotropical batsComparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 34, No. 2Diurnal Body Weight Loss and Tolerance of Weight Loss in Five Species of MyotisJournal of Mammalogy, Vol. 51, No. 2Hibernation: Ecology and Physiological EcologyThermoregulation and Metabolism in Bats**Since this chapter was submitted an excellent article by B. K. McNab, entitled “The economics of temperature regulation in neotropical bats,” has appeared in Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 31, pp. 227–268, 1969, and the reader is referred to this for further information.Salt and water metabolism in the marine fish-eating bat, Pizonyx vivesiComparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 24, No. 3Physiological responses to temperature in the long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris sanborniComparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 22, No. 3Physiological responses to high environmental temperatures in three species of microchiropteran batsComparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 22, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 211Issue 5November 1966Pages 1108-1112 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1966 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1966.211.5.1108PubMed5924031History Published online 1 November 1966 Published in print 1 November 1966 Metrics